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The Ottoman–Egyptian Invasion of Mani was a campaign during the Greek War of Independence that consisted of three battles. The Maniots fought against a combined Egyptian and Ottoman army under the command of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. On March 17, 1821, the Maniots (residents of the central peninsula on the southern part of the Peloponnese) declared war on the Ottoman Empire, preceding the rest of Greece in joining the revolution by about a week. The various Greek forces won a quick string of victories. However, disputes broke out amongst the leaders and anarchy ensued. The Ottomans seized this chance and called for reinforcements from Egypt. The reinforcements came under the command of Ibrahim Pasha, the son of the leader of Egypt, Muhammad Ali. With the Greeks in disarray, Ibrahim ravaged the Peloponnese and after a four months siege he captured the city of Missolonghi in April. He then went back to the Peloponnese and turned his attention in June to Mani. Ibrahim tried to enter Mani from the north-east near Almiro on June 21, 1826, but he was forced to stop at the fortifications at Vergas. His army of 7,000 men was held off by an army of 2,000 Maniots and 500 refugees from other parts of Greece. Despite Egyptian and Ottoman artillery, the outnumbered Maniots managed to hold off the Ottomans. Ibrahim sent 1,500 men to attempt a landing near Areopolis and go north to threaten the Maniot rear. This force was initially successful; however the women and old men of the area fought back and repelled them with heavy losses. When the Egyptians at Vergas heard that Theodoros Kolokotronis was advancing on their rear they retreated. In August, Ibrahim renewed the offensive and he sent a group of regular soldiers down the coast and they reached Kariopoli before they retreated. Ibrahim sent a force of 8,000 men down to Polytsaravo and on the way they destroyed a tower that was opposing them. When they reached Polytsaravo, they were faced by the Maniots in their forts. The Egyptians and the Ottomans were forced to retreat with significant losses. This was the last time Mani was invaded during the War for Independence, as Greece was liberated in 1828. ==Prelude== The Greek War of Independence had started on the March 17, 1821, when the Maniots declared war on the Ottoman Empire at Areopoli.〔K. Kassis, ''Mani's History'', 39.〕 On March 21, the Maniot army of 2,000 men under the command of Petros Mavromichalis which also included Theodoros Kolokotronis, marched from Areopolis and headed for Messenia.〔 The next day, they reached Kalamata, which had an Ottoman garrison and they captured the city on March 23.〔 The rest of Greece joined the war when Bishop Germanos of Patras declared Greece in rebellion on March 25.〔Peter Harold, Paroulakis, ''The Greeks: Their Struggle for Independence'', 56〕 At Kalamata, the Greeks established the Messenian Senate which governed affairs in the southern Peloponnese.〔P. Paroulakis, 57.〕 Kolokotronis wanted to attack Tripoli but Petros Mavromichalis convinced him to attack the smaller towns first.〔 Petrobey also sent letters to the courts of Europe telling them of the Greeks' plan.〔P. Leigh Fermor, ''Mani'', 51〕 Petrobey finished off the letters by signing it with ''Petrobey Mavromichalis, Prince and Commander-in-Chief''.〔 On April 28, the Maniot army joined Kolokotronis forces at Karytainia.〔P. Paroulakis, 76.〕 From there they went to Tripoli and started to besiege the city.〔P. Paroulakis, 77〕 The city eventually fell on September 23, 1821 and was sacked by the Greeks.〔P. Paroulakis, 82〕 Due to the unrelenting losses and stories of Greek atrocities in Tripolis, the Sultan became desperate and in 1824 he called on his Viceroy in Egypt, Muhammad Ali, to aid him.〔P. Paroulakis, 113〕 Ali promised to aid him in return for cession of the island of Crete, Cyprus, as well as making his son Ibrahim Pasha, Pasha of the Peloponnese.〔 After his offer was accepted, Ali sent his son in command of the expedition. Meanwhile, the Greeks were in disarray because of political rivalries which had caused a civil war. Kolokotronis was arrested, his son Panos was killed, and his nephew Nikitaras forced to flee.〔P. Paroulakis, 120-121.〕 Ibrahim used the confusion to land at Methoni in the Peloponnese.〔P. Paroulakis, 125〕 From Methoni, Ibrahim started pillaging the Peloponnese and taking many people as slaves.〔P. Paroulakis, 126〕 Ibrahim captured Tripolis but was stopped from capturing Nauplion by Kostantinos Mavromichalis and Dimitrios Ypsilantis.〔 In retaliation, Ibrahim burnt down Argos before returning to Tripoli.〔 Ibrahim decided to go with his army and join Reshid Pasha at Missolonghi in Central Greece.〔P. Paroulakis, 127〕 The Egyptians reached the city on December 12, 1825 and helped the Ottomans with the siege.〔 On April 10, 1826, the city fell to the invaders and the city was sacked.〔P. Paroulakis, 128.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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